Avaliação da prescrição de medicamentos psicotrópicos pela rede pública municipal de saúde de Nova Floresta/PB / Avaliação da prescrição de medicamentos psicotrópicos pela rede pública municipal de saúde de Nova Floresta/PB

Introdução: os medicamentos psicotrópicos são modificadores do sistema nervoso central, que agem nas doenças psiquiátricas com o objetivo de proporcionar cura ou estabilização destes quadros clínicos. Porém, o uso irracional dos psicotrópicos é considerado um grave problema de saúde pública, devido aos diversos prejuízos que essa prática causa a população mundial. Objetivo: o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a prescrição de medicamentos psicotrópicos dos usuários atendidos na farmácia básica do município de Nova Floresta/PB. Metodologia: estudo transversal, quantitativo e do tipo descritivo, durante os meses de outubro de 2016 a maio de 2017. As receitas e notificações de receitas foram avaliadas conforme as informações registradas pelo prescritor e na ação da dispensação dos medicamentos. Resultados: foram entrevistados 176 usuários de psicotrópicos no município de Nova Floresta-PB. Observou-se prevalência do sexo feminino (58,5%). A faixa etária prevalente foi de adultos que correspondeu a 72,7%, seguido de idosos (22,2%). Os psicotrópicos mais dispensados foram amitriptilina (15,4%), fenobarbital (14,4%), clonazepam (12,9%) e diazepam (9,9). Foram encontradas 21 prescrições com interações medicamentosas. Quanto às prescrições e o preenchimento correto da receita e notificação da receita, 5,7% das prescrições não apresentavam posologia e/ou data. Conclusão: observou-se a necessidade de sensibilização dos prescritores em relação à prescrição racional, assim como a necessidade de orientação por parte do farmacêutico junto aos usuários.

Introduction: during the stay in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), hospitalized patients are more vulnerable to changes in the oral cavity resulting from the use of artificial respiration equipment and the immunocompromised state in which they are found. Objective: to identify the main oral manifestations in patients admitted to an ICU, as well as to verify the knowledge of professionals responsible for oral hygiene. Methodology: this is a descriptive quantitative study with cross-sectional design. Data were obtained from the patient's medical records and through an intraoral clinical examination. For professionals responsible for oral hygiene, a questionnaire was used. The analyses were performed in the SPSS version 21.0 program in a descriptive way. Results: the oral manifestations with the highest incidence were tongue coating, dental biofilm, candidiasis, due to the quality of oral hygiene provided and low immunity. Oral and systemic findings related to patients with longer hospital stays were lip dryness, angular cheilitis, depapilated tongue, candidiasis and pneumonia. All professionals responsible for oral hygiene of patients had technical training in nursing and were unaware of important alterations such as dental biofilm and nosocomial pneumonia. Conclusion: the data from this study allow us to conclude that despite the constancy with which oral hygiene is performed, there is a high frequency of oral lesions in critical ICU patients. Evidencing the role of quality oral hygiene assistance, highlighting the importance of the dentist's role in multidisciplinary teams, since the risk of oral infectious foci can contribute to the aggravation and worsening of the clinical condition of patients.

Marco jurídico de la prescripción médica en odontología / Legal framework of medical prescription in odontology

La receta médica es la materialización del acto médico a través de la cual el profesional de la salud prescribe a su paciente los fármacos necesarios para aliviar su enfermedad. Existen numerosas sustancias o fármacos que, por sus efectos, no pueden ser ofrecidas al público en general si no es mediante la expedición de una receta médica; por tanto, existen numerosas legislaciones y normas que regulan la prescripción médica con el objetivo de tener un control sobre los fármacos prescritos. A su vez, la receta médica debe tener una estructura específica, misma que está establecida por numerosas leyes y reglamentos sanitarios y que interesantemente es ignorada por múltiples médicos u odontólogos. El objetivo del presente artículo es definir el concepto de prescripción médica, así como indagar en todas las leyes y normas vigentes que regulan la prescripción médica en México (AU)

The medical prescription is the materialization of the medical act through which the health professional prescribes to his patient the necessary drugs to alleviate his illness There are numerous substances or drugs that, due to their effects, cannot be offered to the general public, except through the issuance of a medical prescription, and therefore, there are numerous laws that regulate the medical prescription with the aim of having control over prescribed drugs. In turn, the medical prescription must have a specific structure, which is established by numerous health laws and regulations, and which, interestingly enough, is ignored by many doctors and dentists. The aim of this article is to define the concept of medical prescription as well as to investigate all the current laws and regulations that regulate the medical prescription in Mexico (AU)

Evaluación de la gestión de recetas en un servicio farmacéutico de un hospital especializado

error de medicación es cualquier incidente prevenible que puede causar daño al paciente o dar lugar a una utilización inapropiada de los medicamentos, cuando estos están bajo el control de los profesionales sanitarios o del paciente, con potenciales consecuencias para estos últimos. En Paraguay las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas (EPOC, asma, etc.), junto con la diabetes, los problemas cardiovasculares y el cáncer son responsables de una alta morbi-mortalidad, registrando una prevalencia que va en aumento. Esta investigación tuvo el objetivo de evaluar las recetas prescriptas en el consultorio externo de un hospital especializado en enfermedades respiratorias y dispensadas en la farmacia, gracias a un estudio observacional de corte transversal, retrospectivo, y un muestreo no probabilístico que consistió en la revisión de recetas médicas de pacientes que acudieron al consultorio del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias y del Ambiente durante los meses de septiembre de 2015 y 2016. Los datos se registraron en planillas. Se analizaron 4828 recetas, de las cuales 2421 corresponden al mes de septiembre del 2015, y 2407 recetas que corresponden al mes de septiembre del 2016. Los errores técnicos de prescripción más frecuentes fueron la ilegibilidad y la ausencia de dosis e indicación. Por ello, se plantea la importancia de establecer un programa de gestión de riesgos en los hospitales, para implementar nuevas tecnologías que faciliten la prescripción.

Medication error is any preventable incident that may cause harm to the patient or result in inappropriate use of medications when these are under the control of healthcare professionals or the patient, with potential consequences for patients. In Paraguay, chronic respiratory diseases (COPD, asthma, etc. ), together with diabetes, cardiovascular problems, and cancer, are responsible for a high morbi-mortality in the country, with an increasing prevalence; therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the prescriptions that were prescribed in the outpatient clinic of a hospital specialized in respiratory diseases and dispensed in the pharmacy through a cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study and a non-probabilistic sampling, by convenience, which consisted of the review of medical prescriptions issued to patients of both sexes who attended the adult outpatient clinic of the National Institute of Respiratory and Environmental Diseases, during the months of September 2015 and 2016. The data were recorded in spreadsheets designed for this purpose, and a total of 4828 prescriptions were analyzed, of which 2421 correspond to the month of September 2015, with a total of 5955 drugs prescribed, and 2407 prescriptions correspond to the month of September 2016, with 6195 drugs prescribed. The most frequent technical prescription errors found in the prescriptions were the illegibility of the prescriptions and the absence of dosage and indication, being the most frequent errors for September 2015, and the absence of dosage and therapeutic indication (79.76 %)and illegibility of the prescription in September 2016 (87.00 %). Considering the legal requirements, the absence of diagnosis was the prevalent error (Sep-15: 64.19 %; Sep-16:60.08 %). This is why it is important to establish a risk management program in hospitals to implement new technologies that facilitate prescribing.

erro de medicação é qualquer incidente evitável que pode causar danos ao paciente ou resultar no uso inadequado de medicamentos, quando estes estão sob o controle dos profissionais de saúde ou do paciente, com potenciais consequências para os pacientes. No Paraguai, as doenças respiratórias crônicas (doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, asma etc.), juntamente com o diabetes, os problemas cardiovasculares e o câncer são responsáveis por uma alta taxa de morbidade e mortalidade no país, com uma prevalência crescente. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar as prescrições feitas no ambulatório de um hospital especializado em doenças respiratórias e dispensadas na farmácia por meio de um estudo observacional transversal, retrospectivo e de amostragem não probabilística por conveniência, que consistiu em uma revisão das prescrições emitidas para pacientes de ambos os sexos que frequentaram o ambulatório de adultos do Instituto Nacional de Doenças Respiratórias e Ambientais, em setembro de 2015 e 2016. Os dados foram registrados em planilhas elaboradas para esse fim, e foi analisado um total de 4.828 prescrições, das quais 2.421 correspondem ao mês de setembro de 2015, com um total de 5.955 medicamentos prescritos, e 2.407 prescrições correspondem ao mês de setembro de 2016, com 6.195 medicamentos prescritos. Os erros mais frequentes encontrados nas prescrições foram a ilegibilidade destas e a ausência de dosagem e indicação, sendo que os erros mais frequentes em setembro de 2015 foram a ausência de dosagem e indicação terapêutica (79,76%) e em setembro de 2016, a ilegibilidade da prescrição (87%). Levando em conta os requisitos legais, a ausência de diagnóstico foi o erro prevalente (set.-15: 64,19%; set.-16:60,08%). Por isso, é importante estabelecer um programa de gestão de riscos nos hospitais para implementar novas tecnologias que facilitem a prescrição.

Herbal medicines from the industry in the unified health system: challenge faced by medical professionals

Abstract The World Health Organization recognized the use of herbal medicines as a therapeutic resource and its application in the primary attention to heath. The begin of this expansion was in 2006, with the National Policy on Integrative and Complementary practices of the Unified Health System (SUS). This research aimed to evaluate the questionnaires applied to doctors, who may have prescribed industrialized herbal medicines and to identify the difficulties involved with the implementation of this therapy as an integrative and complementary practice. It is a quantitative, observational and transversal study conducted in the municipality of Pinhais/Brazil. The questionnaire applied had as themes the experience of personal use of industrialized herbal medicines, improvement after their use. Forty-four individuals from four different nationalities: Brazilian (88.64%), Cuban (6.82%), Mexican (2.27%) and Argentinian (2.27%), ages between 25 and 69 years, mainly male sex (54.55%) answered the questionnaire. According to the study, the doctors consider herbal medicines an alternative to the conventional treatment and these medical professionals have already prescribed some industrialized herbal medications. Despite the difficulties faced by medical doctors with the prescription of herbs, it is possible to define strategies to assist these professionals, such as the incentive the actions by the governments.

La receta médica: ¿reflejo condicionado o reflexión consciente? / Medical prescription: conditioned reflex or conscious reflection?

Resumen Extender una receta o indicar un tratamiento suele ser la última parte de la consulta médica. Este proceso crucial puede desvirtuarse debido a múltiples factores como capacidad prescriptiva limitada, exceso de trabajo y falta de reflexión o tiempo. La información insuficiente acerca del paciente o del tratamiento afecta el proceso prescriptivo y propicia errores que pueden ser graves para la salud del enfermo. La Academia Nacional de Medicina, en consonancia con la Organización Mundial de la Salud, hace énfasis en hacer del proceso prescriptivo un ejercicio de reflexión.

Abstract Writing a prescription or indicating a treatment is usually the last part of medical consultation. This crucial process can be undermined by multiple factors such as limited prescriptive ability, overwork, and lack of reflection or time. Insufficient information about the patient or the treatment affects the prescriptive process and leads to errors that can be serious for patient health. The National Academy of Medicine, in line with the World Health Organization, emphasizes the relevance of making the prescriptive process a reflective exercise.

Régimen jurídico de las recetas médicas en España e Iberoamérica / Legal regime of medical prescriptions in Spain and Iberoamerica

RESUMEN Esta contribución se ocupa de uno de los ejes sobre los que se articula la prestación farmacéutica en nuestro sistema sanitario : la receta médica. En este artículo se abordan las notas más relevantes que caracterizan el régimen jurídico de la receta médica en España y en Latinoamérica: concepto, tipos, reconocimiento por otros estados, identificación de fármacos por la denominación común internacional, objeción de conciencia del farmacéutico, receta médica electrónica o atención farmacéutica.

SUMMARY This paper deals with one of the axes on which the pharmaceutical provision in our health system is articulated: the medical prescription. Here you will find some of the most relevant notes that characterize the legal regime of the medical prescription in Spain and Latin America: concept, types, recognition by other States, identification of medications by the international common name, conscientious objection of the pharmacist, electronic medical prescription or pharmaceutical care.

Renovação de Prescrição Médica na atenção primária: uma análise crítica / Prescription refill in primary health care: a critical analysis

A renovação de receita é uma prática comum nos serviços de atenção básica no Brasil, ainda que pouco discutida. Embora exista um número expressivo de artigos em língua inglesa sobre o assunto, pouco se encontra a respeito na literatura brasileira. A renovação de medicamentos de uso contínuo traz consigo riscos e potenciais danos à saúde do usuário quando praticada sem protocolos bem definidos e sem a correta avaliação clínica das pessoas acompanhadas. Dessa forma, a renovação de receita pode perpetuar o uso de medicações com indicação duvidosa, efeitos colaterais significativos, interações medicamentosas importantes, medicamentos contraindicados e/ou que não são mais necessários. Além disso, pode transmitir a sensação de que a população está sendo bem assistida apenas pelo fato de as pessoas conseguirem receber medicamentos, ainda que sem uma avaliação periódica. Por outro lado, caso realizada de forma ideal, poderia favorecer aumento da adesão ao tratamento, bem como a avaliação de interações medicamentosas, o cumprimento da terapêutica e a necessidade de exames complementares. O presente artigo realizará uma discussão crítica sobre os riscos e benefícios da renovação de receita da maneira como é feita no Brasil, incluindo seus aspectos legais e pontos passíveis de melhorias segundo a literatura internacional. (AU)

Repeat prescribing is a common practice at primary health care in Brazil which is poorly discussed. Despite the large number of articles in English, the Brazilian literature barely discuss this subject. The renewal of continuous-use medication may lead to risks and potential harms to patient health when used without defined protocols or adequate clinical evaluation. This practice may perpetuate the use of medication with arguable indication, significant side effects, significant drug interactions, contraindicated drugs or that are no longer needed. It also may leads to a misperception of being well attended, although it is a mere transcription of medical receipts. However, if performed in an adequate way, it might be associated with increased adherence to treatment. It also might allow assessment of drug interactions, compliance with therapy and checking out the need for complementary tests. This article will critically discuss the risks and benefits of prescription renewal in the way it is done in Brazil, including its legal aspects and possible points for improvement according to the international literature. (AU)

Knowledge Transmission of Medical Prescription (醫方) and the Role of the Literati Officials from the Song Dynasty: Focusing on Huadupainongneibusan (化毒排膿內補散) / 의사학

This paper attempts to examine the spread of medical prescription knowledge during the Song dynasty and the role played by the literati officials through a reconstruction of the transmission of Painongneibusan (排膿內補散), a prescription to treat abscesses. An examination of the origins of Painongneibusan shows that after being confirmed in the Qianjinyaofang (千金要方), it was passed down through Waitaimiyao (外臺秘要), Taipingshenghuifang (太平聖惠方), Shengjizonglu (聖濟總錄), and Taipinghuiminhejijufang (太平惠民和劑局方). In particular, in the records from Taipinghuiminhejijufang, which was revised and enlarged during the Shaoxing period (1131–1162) unlike transmissions that were almost identical to those from previous periods, we can find a clear increase in the knowledge regarding medicinal effects, medicinal ingredients, administration methods, precautions and so on. However, if we examine the same prescription record included in Hongshijiyanfang(洪氏集驗方) published by Hong Jun in 1170, we can see that the contents are almost exactly the same as those in Taipinghuiminhejijufang and that Hongshijiyanfang had even more content. Through this study, we can deduce that the prescription recorded in these two books were from the same original text. In addition, we can conclude that the original text is likely to be sourced from the knowledge of folk medicine. According to the records, Hu Quan received this prescription from an “outsider,” and Hu Quan gave this to Hong Kuo, who wrote an introduction and published it as a stone carving in Huizhou. After this, knowledge about this prescription became known far and wide. While Chen Yan criticized the abuse of this prescription, Hong Jun still included it in Hongshijiyanfang, and Hong Mai included it in Yijianzhi (夷堅志), leading to it becoming even more widespread. Due to this spread of the prescription, the transmission of the description that is connected from “Outsider – Ho Quan – Three Hong Brothers” continued to appear in many medical anthologies by literati officials. Whenever this prescription was mentioned, they referred to Three Hong Brothers, and it went as far as to cause the practice to sometimes be called “Hongshineibusan (洪氏內補散).” Chen Ziming continued the criticism of Chen Yan in Waikejingyao (外科精要); while the prescription made famous by Hong Kuo had the same contents as prescription in Taipinghuiminhejijufang, the fact that criticism was only directed at Hong Kuo is a proof of his influence in the spread of related knowledge. In conclusion, this happened during an active time of accumulation, exchange, and competition in the knowledge of prescription, as can be observed in various sources from the Song Period. There were various communications and exchanges between officials, locals, and literati officials, and tensions could also sometimes be found. We can say that the role of the literati officials was to collect, record, publish, and spread the knowledge of medicine taken from various sources. In addition, in relation to the spread of the knowledge of medicine, the influence of the literati officials exceeded Taipinghuiminhejijufang, which was the official text at that time.

Prescrição de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados para idosos em instituição especializada em saúde mental / Prescription of potentially inappropriate medications for older adults in institution specialized in mental health

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar a frequência de prescrição de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados (MPI) para idosos institucionalizados em um hospital psiquiátrico. Métodos Estudo descritivo, transversal, baseado em análise de prescrições médicas para indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos (n = 40), elaboradas no mês de janeiro de 2013 e coletadas de prontuários médicos em uma instituição hospitalar pública, especializada em saúde mental. Foram analisadas variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas relativas ao idoso. Os medicamentos prescritos foram categorizados pelos Critérios de Beers (CB), em: 1) MPI que devem ser evitados em qualquer condição clínica; 2) MPI nas condições clínicas identificadas no estudo; 3) medicamentos que devem ser utilizados com precaução em idosos. Resultados Houve predomínio do sexo feminino (62,5%, n = 25/40). Em relação à idade, a média foi de 73 anos (66-93 anos). O tempo médio de internamento foi de 15 anos e o principal diagnóstico foi esquizofrenia (56,4%; n = 22/39). A prevalência de polifarmácia foi 70%. Os medicamentos mais prescritos foram prometazina e haloperidol. Em relação aos CB, observou-se que 40,2% (n = 90/224) dos medicamentos prescritos foram classificados como MPI em qualquer condição clínica; 38,8% (n = 87/224) MPI em determinadas condições clínicas e 23,7% (n = 53/224) pertenciam a categoria dos medicamentos que devem ser utilizados com cautela em idosos. Conclusão Obteve-se uma elevada prevalência de MPI para idosos, quando comparada com estudos semelhantes. Os CB contribuíram para a análise das prescrições, possibilitando a identificação de medicamentos que podem potencializar os riscos de desenvolvimento de iatrogenias ou agravamento de patologias preexistentes.

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the frequency of prescription of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) for institutionalized older adults in a psychiatric hospital. Methods Descriptive study, transversal, based on analysis of prescriptions for individuals aged over 65 years (n = 40), drawn up in January 2013 and collected from medical records in a public hospital. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were analyzed. Medications were categorized by Beers Criteria (BC): 1) PMI which should be avoided in any clinical condition; 2) MPI to avoid in older adults with certain diseases identified on the study; 3) medications to be used with caution in older adults. Results There was a predominance of females (62.5%, n = 25/40). Regarding age, the average was 73 years (66-93 years). The inpatient average time was 15 years and the main diagnosis was schizophrenia (56.4%; n = 22/39). The prevalence of polypharmacy was 70%. The most commonly prescribed drugs were promethazine and haloperidol. Regarding the CB, it was observed that 40.2% (n = 90/224) of the prescribed drugs have been classified as PIM in any clinical condition; 38.8% (n = 87/224) PIM in specific clinical conditions and 23.7% (n = 53/224) belonged to the category of drugs that should be used with caution in the older adults. Conclusion We obtained a high prevalence of PMI for older adults compared with similar studies. The BC contributed to the analysis of the requirements, enabling the identification of drugs that may enhance the risk of developing iatrogenic or worsening of preexisting conditions.

Utilización de medicamentos antihipertensivos en el municipio de Jovellanos, provincia Matanzas / The usage of anti-hypertensive drugs in the municipality of Jovellanos, province of Matanzas

Introducción: las enfermedades crónicas se han convertido en un problema alarmante para la humanidad por la alta incidencia y prevalencia que presentan. La hipertensión arterial es, dentro de las enfermedades crónicas, una de las más frecuentes, con importantes repercusiones en el orden personal, económico y sanitario. Los fallos al seguir las prescripciones médicas conducen al paciente hipertenso a la progresión de su enfermedad, provocando un aumento innecesario del costo de la atención sanitaria. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento del uso de fármacos hipotensores. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, en el municipio de Jovellanos, a una muestra constituida por 210 hipertensos, a los que se les aplicó encuesta para explorar las variables: sexo, edad, tipo de tratamiento y grupo farmacológico. Las respuestas fueron de selección o completamiento de frases simples. Resultados: la hipertensión arterial predominó en el sexo femenino y en edades mayores de 60 años. El proceder más utilizado fue el tratamiento medicamentoso combinado con los cambios en el estilo de vida. Los grupos farmacológicos que se emplearon fueron los inhibidores de la enzima de la angiotensina, seguidos por los diuréticos; como terapéutica combinada generalmente. Conclusiones: la población geriátrica del sexo femenino fue la mayor consumidora de fármacos antihipertensivos. El tratamiento combinado con dos o más fármacos fue lo más frecuente. Los inhibidores de la enzima de la angiotensina y los diuréticos se encuentran entre los más utilizados.

Background: the chronic diseases have become an alarming problem for the human kind because of the high incidence and prevalence they have. The arterial hypertension is, among the chronic diseases, one of the most frequent, with important repercussions in the personal, economic and health order. The failures when following medical prescriptions lead the hypertensive patients to their disease progression, causing an unnecessary increase of the health care cost. Aim: characterizing the behavior of the hypotensive drugs usage. Materials and methods: a descriptive, observational study was carried out in the municipality of Jovellanos in a sample formed by 210 hypertensive patients; they were applied a survey to explore the following variables: gender, age, kind of treatment and pharmacological group. The answers were of the kind of choosing or completing simple phrases. Outcomes: arterial hypertension prevailed in the female gender and in persons aged more than 60 years. The most used procedure was the combined drug treatment with changes in life styles. The most used pharmacological groups were the angiotensin enzyme inhibitors, followed by diuretics, generally as combined therapy. Conclusions: female geriatric population was the main user of antihypertensive drugs. The combined treatment with two or more drugs was the most frequent one. The angiotensin enzyme inhibitors and diuretics are among the most used ones.

Prescrição de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados para idosos: um estudo transversal em instituição psiquiátrica / Prescription of potentially inappropriate medications for older adults: a cross-sectional study in psychiatric institution

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar a frequência de prescrição de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados (MPIs) para idosos institucionalizados em um hospital psiquiátrico. Métodos Estudo descritivo, transversal, baseado em análise de prescrições médicas para indivíduos com 65 anos ou mais (n = 40), elaboradas no mês de janeiro de 2013 e coletadas de prontuários médicos, em uma instituição hospitalar pública especializada em saúde mental. Foram analisadas variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas relativas ao idoso. Os medicamentos prescritos foram categorizados, pelos Critérios de Beers (CB), em: 1) MPIs que devem ser evitados em qualquer condição clínica; 2) MPIs nas condições clínicas identificadas no estudo; 3) medicamentos que devem ser utilizados com precaução em idosos. Resultados Houve predomínio do sexo feminino (62,5%, n = 25/40). Em relação à idade, a média foi de 73 anos (66-93 anos). O tempo médio de internamento foi de 15 anos, e o principal diagnóstico foi de esquizofrenia (56,4%; n = 22/39). A prevalência de polifarmácia foi de 70%. Os medicamentos mais prescritos foram prometazina e haloperidol. Em relação aos CB, observou-se que 40,2% (n = 90/224) dos medicamentos prescritos foram classificados como MPIs em qualquer condição clínica; 38,8% (n = 87/224) foram considerados como MPIs em determinadas condições clínicas e 23,7% (n = 53/224) pertenciam à categoria dos medicamentos que devem ser utilizados com cautela em idosos. Conclusão Obteve-se elevada prevalência de MPIs para idosos, quando comparada com estudos semelhantes. Os CBs contribuíram para a análise das prescrições, possibilitando a identificação de medicamentos que podem potencializar os riscos de desenvolvimento de iatrogenias ou agravamento de patologias preexistentes.

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the frequency of prescription of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) for institutionalized older adults in a psychiatric hospital. Methods Descriptive study, transversal, based on analysis of prescriptions for individuals aged over 65 years (n = 40), drawn up in January 2013 and collected from medical records in a public hospital. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were analyzed. Medications were categorized by Beers Criteria (BC): 1) PIM which should be avoided in any clinical condition; 2) PIM to avoid in older adults with certain diseases identified on the study; 3) medications to be used with caution in older adults. Results There was a predominance of females (62.5%, n = 25/40). Regarding age, the average was 73 years (66-93 years). The inpatient average time was 15 years and the main diagnosis was schizophrenia (56.4%; n = 22/39). The prevalence of polypharmacy was 70%. The most commonly prescribed drugs were promethazine and haloperidol. Regarding the CB, it was observed that 40.2% (n = 90/224) of the prescribed drugs have been classified as PIM in any clinical condition; 38.8% (n = 87/224) PIM in specific clinical conditions and 23.7% (n = 53/224) belonged to the category of drugs that should be used with caution in the older adults. Conclusion We obtained a high prevalence of PIM for older adults compared with similar studies. The BC contributed to the analysis of the requirements, enabling the identification of drugs that may enhance the risk of developing iatrogenic or worsening of preexisting conditions.

Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs in Bangalore, India.

Background: Non-medical prescription drug use is an ongoing problem in India; however, there is paucity of literature in the Indian population. Objective: The objective of the present study is to explore the non-medical use of prescription medicines in urban Bangalore, South India (N = 717). Materials and Methods: Participants were recruited using a mall-intercept approach, wherein they were intercepted in 5 randomly selected shopping malls, and interviewed on their use of prescription medicines. Results: The mean age of the participants was 28 years (S.D. 5). The nonmedical use of different prescription medicine classes over the past 12 months was as follows: anti-infl ammatories and analgesics (26%), opioids (17%), antibiotics (13%), and sedatives (12%). The majority reported “use without prescription,” while “use in ways other than as prescribed” was also reported. In all cases, chemist shops were the main source of obtaining the drugs non-medically. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, non-medical use was found to be signifi cantly associated with participants’ baseline characteristics like gender, education, current employment status, and marital status. Sixty-fi ve percent stated that although “doctor’s prescription is not required for common complaints, we can decide ourselves,” while 60% stated, “it’s okay to deviate from a prescription as needed.” One hundred percent said that “using prescription medicines is more socially acceptable, and safer, compared to alcohol or illicit drugs.” Conclusion: These fi ndings underscore the need for considering various contextual factors in tailoring preventive interventions for reducing non-medical use of prescription drugs.

Administration of medication to use when needed and the care of psychiatric nursing / Administração de medicação de uso quando necessário e o cuidado de enfermagem psiquiátrica / La administración de medicamentos de uso cuando sea necesario y el cuidado de enfermería psiquiátrica

This qualitative study aimed to analyze the clinical criteria used for the administration of prescribed medications for use when needed (SOS); and discuss the implication of the findings in this research to clinical psychiatric nursing. The records of female patients admitted to a psychiatric institution in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in the time frame from May to June 2009, were analyzed. In the 38 patient records, 16 prescriptions for medications SOS were found. The mean age of patients was around 45-55 years with a clinical diagnosis of Bipolar Mood Disorder. The medication category most prescribed as SOS was of benzodiazepines, followed by antipsychotics. It was noticed a tendency to not valuing the administration of medication in SOS notes. The study points out the importance to establish clinical criteria to indicate the need, or not, to administer prescribed SOS medications.

Trata-se de estudo qualitativo que objetivou analisar os critérios clínicos utilizados para a administração das medicações prescritas de uso quando necessário (SOS); e discutir a implicação dos achados nesta pesquisa para a clínica da enfermagem psiquiátrica. Foram analisados os prontuários de pacientes do sexo feminino, internadas em uma instituição psiquiátrica na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no recorte temporal de maioo a junho de 2009. Nos 38 prontuários analisados, foram encontradas 16 prescrições de medicações SOS. A idade média das pacientes girou em torno de 45-55 anos, com diagnóstico clínico de Transtorno Bipolar do Humor. A categoria de medicação mais prescrita como SOS foi a dos benzodiazepínicos, seguidos de antipsicóticos. Notou-se uma tendência à não valorização da administração da medicação SOS nas anotações. O estudo aponta a necessidade de que sejam estabelecidos critérios clínicos que indiquem a necessidade, ou não, de administrar medicações prescritas como SOS.

Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo analizar los criterios clínicos utilizados para la administración de medicamentos prescritos para su uso cuando sea necesario (SOS); y discutir las implicaciones de los hallazgos en esta investigación a la clínica de enfermería psiquiátrica. Fueran utilizados los registros de pacientes de sexo femenino admitidos en una institución psiquiátrica en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, en el marco de tiempo de mayo a junio de 2009. En los 38 prontuarios de pacientes analizados, se encontraron 16 recetas para medicamentos SOS. La edad media de los pacientes fue de alrededor de 45 a 55 años con un diagnóstico clínico de trastorno bipolar del estado de ánimo. La categoría de medicamento más prescrito como SOS fue la de benzodiacepinas, seguido de los antipsicóticos. Notó-se una tendencia a no valorar la administración de medicamentos SOS en los registros. El estudio apunta a la importancia de estabelecimiento de criterios clínicos que indiquen la necesidad o no de administrar los medicamentos prescritos como SOS.

Analysis to Unreasonable Prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective By investigating the quality and unreasonable prescription of traditional Chinese medicine in our hospital, to analyze the reason and thus put forward the solution and elevate the whole rational administration level in our hospital. Methods 3000 prescriptions prescribed in our hospital from April 2008 to April 2009 were randomly investigated. Select the unreasonable prescriptions and unreasonable use of medicines in a prescription for statistical analysis. Results There were 258 unreasonable prescriptions among spot-check 3000 sheets of prescriptions, reaching 8.6%. There were 633 unreasonable medications, including oversized or excessively small dosage, improper compatibility, repeated medications, etc. Conclusion There is the phenomena of unreasonable prescription in our hospital. Therefore, we should reinforce the management of prescribing medicines and enhance the level of reasonable medication.

Validação da prescrição oncológica: o papel do farmacêutico na prevenção de erros de medicação / Validation of the oncology prescription: the pharmacist's role in preventing medication errors

Erros de medicação são constantemente relatados na literatura médico-científica. Há casos clínicos em que a administração inadequada de doses altas de alguns citostáticos tem como consequência a toxicidade grave e a morte do paciente. As não conformidades presentes nas prescrições aos pacientes oncológicos podem ser catastróficas em função da estreita margem terapêutica dos medicamentos antineoplásicos. Prevenir erros de medicação torna-se uma prioridade na melhora do processo farmacoterapêutico em pacientes da oncologia. A multidisciplinaridade é um fator essencial de alerta aos erros de medicação de antineoplásicos e às maneiras de preveni-los. Os farmacêuticos e todos os profissionais que constituem uma equipe multidisciplinar de saúde contribuem para garantia do uso seguro dos medicamentos, o que auxilia no aprimoramento de uma assistência qualificada. Para isso, além das atividades já bem estabelecidas, esses profissionais devem (i) implantar um sistema de validação farmacêutica bem como (ii) estabelecer um sistema de verificação da prescrição médica, o qual consiste em diferentes etapas. O objetivo dessa revisão é relatar a validação da prescrição médica, considerando-se os erros de medicação na quimioterapia e o papel do farmacêutico na prevenção desses erros. São medidas que visam a melhorar a qualidade da assistência prestada aos pacientes oncológicos.

Medication errors have been frequently reported in the literature. There have been several clinical cases in which the improper administration of high doses of some cytostatics resulted in serious toxicity and patient’s death. Nonconformities in oncology patients’ prescriptions can lead to serious problems due to the narrow therapeutic range of antineoplastic drugs. Preventing medication errors has become a priority on improving the pharmacotherapeutic process in oncology patients. The presence of a multidisciplinary staff is an important instrument to improve awareness of medication errors and to prevent them. Pharmacists and other health providers that participate in the multidisciplinary team contribute to ensure the safe use of medications and to improve the delivery of quality care. In addition to their well established activities these professionals should: (i) set up a pharmaceutical validation system and (ii) establish a prescription verification system including several checkpoints. The objective of this review of the literature is to report on prescription validation, considering some chemotherapy medication errors and the pharmacist’s role in preventing them. These measures are aimed at improving the quality of the care provided to oncology patients.

Características de la prescripcion de analgésicos antiinflamatorios no esteroideos en adultos mayores / Characterizing the prescription of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among the elderly

Objetivo. Determinar las características de la prescripción de AINEs en pacientes de 60 años y más. Material y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 400 pacientes entre agosto y septiembre 2003 en una Unidad de Medicina Familiar (UMF), con base en un diseño prospectivo, transversal analítico y un muestreo aleatorio simple. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: tener 60 años o más, ser de ambos sexos sin deterioro cognitivo. Se excluyeron los que no contaban con información confiable en su expediente. Se interrogaron y exploraron a los pacientes, revisando sus expedientes y recetas. Resultados. Se prescribió AINEs a 312 de los 400 pacientes incluidos en el estudio (78% IC al 95% 74-82) de los cuales a 188 (60% IC al 95% 55-65) se recetó solamente un AINE, a 117 (38% IC al 95% 33- 43) dos y a 7 (2% IC al 95% 0.0-4) tres. El total de prescripciones fue 443. Los tipos más frecuentemente prescritos fueron el ácido acetil salicílico en 200 prescripciones (45% IC al 95% 40-50) y el naproxeno en 100 (23% IC al 95%19- 26). El ácido acetil salicílico fue recetado principalmente para profilaxis cardiovascular, mientras que el naproxeno lo fue como analgésico. La duración del tratamiento no estaba especificado en 253 pacientes (81% IC al 95% 77-85). En 228 de ellos (73% IC al 95% 68-77) se presentó interacción potencial fármaco–fármaco y en 247 (79% IC al 95% 77-81) interacción potencial fármacoenfermedad. La prescripción de una protección farmacológica gastroesofágica no se relacionó con la prescripción de AINEs (OR = 1; IC al 95% 0.53-1.75; p = 0.89). Conclusiones. La prescripción de AINEs a adultos mayores es muy frecuente; se prefiere el naproxeno como analgésico, el cual no se acompaña de protección gastroesofágica. La probabilidad de interacciones fármaco-fármaco y fármaco-enfermedad es alta.

OBJECTIVE: Determine prescription characteristics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among the elderly attending primary medical care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Setting, Family Health Unit 52, Mexican Institute of Social Security. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive, with randomized sampling. PARTICIPANTS: 400 patients; aged 60 and older, male and female, without cognitive impairment. Those without clinical records were excluded. Every patient was interviewed and examined and their clinical record and prescription were assesed. RESULTS: NSAIDs were prescribed in 312 patients (78% 95% CI 74-82), one type of NSAIDs was prescribed in 188 (60% 95% CI 55-65), two types in 117 (38% 95% CI 33-43) and three types in 7 (2% 95% CI 0.0-4). Of the 443 prescriptions, Acetylsalicylic acid was prescribed in 200 cases (45% 95% CI 40-50) and Naproxen in 100 (23% IC 95% 19-26). Reasons for prescribing included cardiovascularprophylaxis in 46% (IC 95% 7-13)pain management in 40% (95% CI 31-49), anti-inflammatory cases 4% (95% CI 2-6), and non-specified in 10% of cases (95% CI 7-13). Treatment duration was not specified for 253 patients (81% 95% CI 77-85). We noted drug-drug interaction in 228 cases (73% 95% CI 67-77) and a potential drug-disease interaction in 247 (79% 95% CI 77-81). The gastro-esophageal prescription was not more frequent among patients taking NSAIDs compared with non-users OR = 1 (95% CI 0.53-1.75; p = 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: NSAIDs prescription prevalence is high: although diagnoses do not justify their use and gastro-esophageal protection is often not sufficient. Prostaglandins inhibitors are favored without taking into account drug-disease interaction.

Effect of the group of effective components of Chinese medical prescription-Xiaoxuming Decoction on aging rats / 中成药

AIM: To establish the model of aging rats and observe the effect of the group of effective components of Xiaoxuming Decoction(XXM)on aging rats. METHODS: D-galactose and rotenone were used to establish aging animal model.The ability of learning and memory were measured by using Morris water maze test.Then, the content of GSH and MDA,the activity of SOD,the activity of AchE and ChAT in rats'brain were measured. (RESULTS): D-galactose could induce aging like indicators in rats:decrease the content of GSH and the activity of SOD,and increase the content of MDA,but have no effect on AchE and ChAT.It showed that GEC could improve the ability of learning and memory and ameliorate biochemistry function in rats with aging induced by D-galactose. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that GEC of XXM could improve the responses of aging rats and these effects may be related to its ability of antioxidation.

La calidad de la conducta prescriptiva, ejn la atención primaria / The quality of prescriptive behavior in primary care

Se presenta el análisis de la calidad de la atención prestada en 2,782 encuentros clínicos a partir de la evaluación del cumplimiento de los seis pasos necesarios en una consulta: a) interrogatorio, b) exploración física, c) diagnóstico, d) prescripción, e) información, y f) cita. Se encuentran serias deficiencias en la calidad de la atención en general, con variaciones según el motivo de consulta, el tipo de unidad en la que se prestó el servicio, ectétera. Se presentan algunas recomendaciones de cambio estructural en los servicios de salud y de educación médica para mejorar la calidad

Quality of care was analyzed in 2 782 clinical appointments, focusing on the evaluation of the six basic steps of medical consultation: a) questionnaire, b) physical examination, c) diagnosis, d) prescription, e) information, and f) appointment management. Serious defficiencies were found, with variations depending on the motive of the visit, the type of unit in which the service was given, etcetera. In order to improve the quality of care a structural change is suggested, both in the health care services and in medical education.